Author: Jyotika Varmani

Categories
A2 - Clinical Psychology

Quick Lesson # 3 – Key Study : Freeman et al. (2003)

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AO1 (Description)

Background– VR used to study reactions in controlled environments.
– Avatars can trigger anxiety; can they trigger paranoia?
– Aim to understand factors behind persecutory ideation.
Aims– To investigate if non-clinical people have persecutory thoughts about VR characters.
– To investigate if anxiety/interpersonal sensitivity predicts these thoughts
Methodology– Pilot study, experiment.
– VR library setting with 5 neutral avatars.
– Questionnaires (for correlation): BSI, Paranoia Scale, VR-Paranoia, State Anxiety, Presence
Participants– 24 non-clinical adults (students/staff).
– 12 male, 12 female.
– Recruited from University College London.
Procedure– Trained on VR equipment.
– Entered neutral VR library for 5 mins.
– Half completed questionnaires before & after; half only after.
– All answered VR-Paranoia questionnaire after exposure to VR.
– Semi-structured interview after.
Results– Some had persecutory thoughts despite neutral avatars.
– VR-Persecution linked to interpersonal sensitivity and anxiety.
– No increase in anxiety after VR.
– Positive views more common than negative.
Conclusion– VR can trigger persecutory thoughts in neutral settings.
– Interpersonal sensitivity is a key predictor.
– VR useful for studying delusions; could be used in therapy.

AO3 (Evaluation)

Individual and Situational ExplanationsPoint: Strength is it uses an interactionist explanation.
Evidence: People with high interpersonal sensitivity (individual) had more paranoid thoughts in the neutral VR library (situation).
Explanation: Shows paranoia isn’t just from the situation or the person alone, but both.
Link: Increases validity as it reflects real-world complexity.
Counterpoint: However, it didn’t strongly manipulate the situation to test its power.
Idiographic vs. NomotheticPoint: Weakness is it’s mostly nomothetic.
Evidence: Used questionnaires (BSI) to find general patterns in the group of 24.
Explanation: Focused on general laws e.g., interpresonalsensitivity leads to paranoia, over unique experiences.
Link: May lower validity of data for each person.
Counterpoint: However, the interview comments added some idiographic detail.
Generalisability from FindingsPoint: Weakness is limited generalisability.
Evidence: Sample was only from a university (students/staff).
Explanation: Not representative of the general public in age or education.
Link: Low population validity.
Counterpoint: However, the sample was suitable for this first-time pilot study.

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Categories
A2 - Clinical Psychology

Quick Lesson # 2 – A Case Study of Schizophrenia (Aneja et al.)

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AO1 (Description)

AimsTo investigate presentation & treatment of Very-Early-Onset Schizophrenia (VEOS).
ProcedureCase history analysis, symptom observation, and trial of sodium valproate.
Results– History: Troubled home with abusive father, divorce between parents, living with maternal grandparents, school refusal, aggression.
– Symptoms: Heard voices, suspicious, social withdrawal, poor self-care.
– Treatment: Valproate failed; aggression increased, needed hospitalisation.
ConclusionHighlights diagnostic complexity of VEOS (initially missed) and need for specific antipsychotics, not mood stabilisers.

AO3 (Evaluation)

Individual and Situational ExplanationsPoint: Weakness: Over-emphasises individual factors.
Evidence: Focus on diagnosis, not “aggressive father”.
Explain: Lowers validity, ignores situational causes.
Link: Reduces validity.
Counterpoint: However, led to practical treatment.
Use of ChildrenPoint: Strength: Direct benefit to participant.
Evidence: Study aimed to diagnose and treat him.
Explain: Ethically justifiable as it helped him.
Link: Addresses ethics.
Counterpoint: However, his distress despite treatment highlights risks.
Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Point: Strength: Detailed idiographic insight.
Evidence: Details unique history and symptoms.
Explain: Allows deep understanding of one case.
Link: High internal validity.
Counterpoint: However, poor generalisability to other schizophrenia patients.
Case StudiesPoint: Strength: High real-world application.
Evidence: Tracked diagnosis over time.
Explain: Crucial for complex real-life disorders.
Link: High ecological validity.
Counterpoint: However, low reliability as other clinicians may interpret same symptoms differently.
Generalisations from FindingsPoint: Weakness: Poor generalisability.
Evidence: Single, rare case (VEOS).
Explain: Unique background not representative.
Link: Low generalisability.
Counterpoint: However, it can generate hypotheses, e.g., on links between early trauma and VEOS.

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Categories
A2 - Clinical Psychology

Quick Lesson # 1 – Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-11) of Schizophrenia

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AO1 (Description)

DurationSymptoms must last for at least one month.
Positive SymptomsAdded experiences, like hearing voices or having strange beliefs e.g. hallucinations and delusions.
Negative SymptomsA loss of normal functions, like reduced motivation or emotion e.g. avolition and asociality.
HallucinationsHearing, seeing, or sensing things that aren’t real (e.g., hearing critical voices).
DelusionsFixed false beliefs (e.g., grandiosity – “I’m a king”, or persecution – “I’m being spied on”).
AvolitionA severe lack of motivation or drive to do anything.
AsocialityA severe lack of interest in being with other people.

AO3 (Evaluation)

Individual and Situational ExplanationsPoint: A strength is its clear individual focus.
Evidence: It diagnoses based on personal symptoms like avolition.
Explanation: Directly lends to individual treatments like medication.
Link: This improves application to everyday life.
Counterpoint: However, it ignores critical situational factors like higher rates in urban poverty
Idiographic vs NomotheticPoint: A strength is its standardised nomothetic approach.
Evidence: It uses set symptom checklists for all patients.
Explanation: This ensures consistent and fair assessment.
Link: High reliability.
Counterpoint: However, it overlooks the patient’s unique experience of symptoms e.g. delusion types not specified on the ICD-11.
GeneralisationsPoint: A weakness is poor cross-cultural generalisability.
Evidence: e.g. Hearing voices may be a symptom or a spiritual experience.
Explanation: This can lead to misdiagnosis in different cultures.
Link: This reduces validity.
Counterpoint: However, the ICD-11 does recommend considering cultural context.

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Categories
AS - Core Studies

Quick Revision Notes For Evaluation of Core Studies

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AS - Core Studies

Quick Revision Notes For Description of Core Studies

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A2 - Consumer Psychology

Design a Study Model Answers Pack for Paper 4 : Consumer Psychology Section B

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A2 - Clinical Psychology

Design a Study Model Answers Pack for Paper 4 : Clinical Psychology Section A

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AS - Core Studies AS - Exam Practice

COMPLETE PACKAGE FOR AS PSYCHOLOGY – ALL 8- AND 10-MARKERS FOR PAPER 1; AND ALL DESIGN A STUDY MODEL ANSWERS FOR PAPER 2

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AS - Exam Practice

Design a Study Model Answers Pack for Paper 2 : All 8 Research Methods Included

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A2 - Clinical Psychology

Model Answers Essay Pack for Mood Disorders – Paper 3 Section A : Clinical Psychology

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