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A2 - Clinical Psychology

Quick Lesson # 2 – A Case Study of Schizophrenia (Aneja et al.)

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AO1 (Description)

AimsTo investigate presentation & treatment of Very-Early-Onset Schizophrenia (VEOS).
ProcedureCase history analysis, symptom observation, and trial of sodium valproate.
Results– History: Troubled home with abusive father, divorce between parents, living with maternal grandparents, school refusal, aggression.
– Symptoms: Heard voices, suspicious, social withdrawal, poor self-care.
– Treatment: Valproate failed; aggression increased, needed hospitalisation.
ConclusionHighlights diagnostic complexity of VEOS (initially missed) and need for specific antipsychotics, not mood stabilisers.

AO3 (Evaluation)

Individual and Situational ExplanationsPoint: Weakness: Over-emphasises individual factors.
Evidence: Focus on diagnosis, not “aggressive father”.
Explain: Lowers validity, ignores situational causes.
Link: Reduces validity.
Counterpoint: However, led to practical treatment.
Use of ChildrenPoint: Strength: Direct benefit to participant.
Evidence: Study aimed to diagnose and treat him.
Explain: Ethically justifiable as it helped him.
Link: Addresses ethics.
Counterpoint: However, his distress despite treatment highlights risks.
Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Point: Strength: Detailed idiographic insight.
Evidence: Details unique history and symptoms.
Explain: Allows deep understanding of one case.
Link: High internal validity.
Counterpoint: However, poor generalisability to other schizophrenia patients.
Case StudiesPoint: Strength: High real-world application.
Evidence: Tracked diagnosis over time.
Explain: Crucial for complex real-life disorders.
Link: High ecological validity.
Counterpoint: However, low reliability as other clinicians may interpret same symptoms differently.
Generalisations from FindingsPoint: Weakness: Poor generalisability.
Evidence: Single, rare case (VEOS).
Explain: Unique background not representative.
Link: Low generalisability.
Counterpoint: However, it can generate hypotheses, e.g., on links between early trauma and VEOS.

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A2 - Clinical Psychology

Quick Lesson # 1 – Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-11) of Schizophrenia

Please note – This lesson is best viewed in desktop mode – click the three dots on your browser and tick ‘desktop mode’ if viewing on a small screen device

AO1 (Description)

DurationSymptoms must last for at least one month.
Positive SymptomsAdded experiences, like hearing voices or having strange beliefs e.g. hallucinations and delusions.
Negative SymptomsA loss of normal functions, like reduced motivation or emotion e.g. avolition and asociality.
HallucinationsHearing, seeing, or sensing things that aren’t real (e.g., hearing critical voices).
DelusionsFixed false beliefs (e.g., grandiosity – “I’m a king”, or persecution – “I’m being spied on”).
AvolitionA severe lack of motivation or drive to do anything.
AsocialityA severe lack of interest in being with other people.

AO3 (Evaluation)

Individual and Situational ExplanationsPoint: A strength is its clear individual focus.
Evidence: It diagnoses based on personal symptoms like avolition.
Explanation: Directly lends to individual treatments like medication.
Link: This improves application to everyday life.
Counterpoint: However, it ignores critical situational factors like higher rates in urban poverty
Idiographic vs NomotheticPoint: A strength is its standardised nomothetic approach.
Evidence: It uses set symptom checklists for all patients.
Explanation: This ensures consistent and fair assessment.
Link: High reliability.
Counterpoint: However, it overlooks the patient’s unique experience of symptoms e.g. delusion types not specified on the ICD-11.
GeneralisationsPoint: A weakness is poor cross-cultural generalisability.
Evidence: e.g. Hearing voices may be a symptom or a spiritual experience.
Explanation: This can lead to misdiagnosis in different cultures.
Link: This reduces validity.
Counterpoint: However, the ICD-11 does recommend considering cultural context.

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A2 - Clinical Psychology

Model Answers Essay Pack for Mood Disorders – Paper 3 Section A : Clinical Psychology

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AS - Exam Practice

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AS - Exam Practice

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A2 - Consumer Psychology

Model Answers Essay Pack for Physical Environment – Paper 3 Section A : Consumer Psychology

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A2 - Clinical Psychology

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A-Level Psychology Skills

Using the GRAVE Analysis to Evaluate Studies

Learn how to perform a GRAVE analysis on any psychology study to develop your critical thinking and answer your AO3 questions easily!

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Performing a GRAVE Analysis to evaluate Psychology Studies
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