Tag: issues and debates

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A2 - Clinical Psychology

Quick Lesson # 3 – Key Study : Freeman et al. (2003)

Please note – This lesson is best viewed in desktop mode – click the three dots on your browser and tick ‘desktop mode’ if viewing on a small screen device

AO1 (Description)

Background– VR used to study reactions in controlled environments.
– Avatars can trigger anxiety; can they trigger paranoia?
– Aim to understand factors behind persecutory ideation.
Aims– To investigate if non-clinical people have persecutory thoughts about VR characters.
– To investigate if anxiety/interpersonal sensitivity predicts these thoughts
Methodology– Pilot study, experiment.
– VR library setting with 5 neutral avatars.
– Questionnaires (for correlation): BSI, Paranoia Scale, VR-Paranoia, State Anxiety, Presence
Participants– 24 non-clinical adults (students/staff).
– 12 male, 12 female.
– Recruited from University College London.
Procedure– Trained on VR equipment.
– Entered neutral VR library for 5 mins.
– Half completed questionnaires before & after; half only after.
– All answered VR-Paranoia questionnaire after exposure to VR.
– Semi-structured interview after.
Results– Some had persecutory thoughts despite neutral avatars.
– VR-Persecution linked to interpersonal sensitivity and anxiety.
– No increase in anxiety after VR.
– Positive views more common than negative.
Conclusion– VR can trigger persecutory thoughts in neutral settings.
– Interpersonal sensitivity is a key predictor.
– VR useful for studying delusions; could be used in therapy.

AO3 (Evaluation)

Individual and Situational ExplanationsPoint: Strength is it uses an interactionist explanation.
Evidence: People with high interpersonal sensitivity (individual) had more paranoid thoughts in the neutral VR library (situation).
Explanation: Shows paranoia isn’t just from the situation or the person alone, but both.
Link: Increases validity as it reflects real-world complexity.
Counterpoint: However, it didn’t strongly manipulate the situation to test its power.
Idiographic vs. NomotheticPoint: Weakness is it’s mostly nomothetic.
Evidence: Used questionnaires (BSI) to find general patterns in the group of 24.
Explanation: Focused on general laws e.g., interpresonalsensitivity leads to paranoia, over unique experiences.
Link: May lower validity of data for each person.
Counterpoint: However, the interview comments added some idiographic detail.
Generalisability from FindingsPoint: Weakness is limited generalisability.
Evidence: Sample was only from a university (students/staff).
Explanation: Not representative of the general public in age or education.
Link: Low population validity.
Counterpoint: However, the sample was suitable for this first-time pilot study.

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A2 - Clinical Psychology

Quick Lesson # 1 – Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-11) of Schizophrenia

Please note – This lesson is best viewed in desktop mode – click the three dots on your browser and tick ‘desktop mode’ if viewing on a small screen device

AO1 (Description)

DurationSymptoms must last for at least one month.
Positive SymptomsAdded experiences, like hearing voices or having strange beliefs e.g. hallucinations and delusions.
Negative SymptomsA loss of normal functions, like reduced motivation or emotion e.g. avolition and asociality.
HallucinationsHearing, seeing, or sensing things that aren’t real (e.g., hearing critical voices).
DelusionsFixed false beliefs (e.g., grandiosity – “I’m a king”, or persecution – “I’m being spied on”).
AvolitionA severe lack of motivation or drive to do anything.
AsocialityA severe lack of interest in being with other people.

AO3 (Evaluation)

Individual and Situational ExplanationsPoint: A strength is its clear individual focus.
Evidence: It diagnoses based on personal symptoms like avolition.
Explanation: Directly lends to individual treatments like medication.
Link: This improves application to everyday life.
Counterpoint: However, it ignores critical situational factors like higher rates in urban poverty
Idiographic vs NomotheticPoint: A strength is its standardised nomothetic approach.
Evidence: It uses set symptom checklists for all patients.
Explanation: This ensures consistent and fair assessment.
Link: High reliability.
Counterpoint: However, it overlooks the patient’s unique experience of symptoms e.g. delusion types not specified on the ICD-11.
GeneralisationsPoint: A weakness is poor cross-cultural generalisability.
Evidence: e.g. Hearing voices may be a symptom or a spiritual experience.
Explanation: This can lead to misdiagnosis in different cultures.
Link: This reduces validity.
Counterpoint: However, the ICD-11 does recommend considering cultural context.

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A2 - Consumer Psychology

October_November 2024 Paper 11 – AS Psychology Model Answers – Part 1

Highly requested lesson by students – Writing Paper 1 Answers for the October-November 2024 AS Psychology papers – is out now!!

Watch part 1 od it below and download the answers in the PDF file that follows. Part 2 will be out soon! –

October_November 2024 Paper 11 – AS Psychology Model Answers – Part 1
Solution for Oct-Nov 2024 Paper 11 – Part 1 by Jyotika Varmani – for CIE AS A-Levels PsychologyDownload

There’s no time to waste with May/June exams round the corner. Book your psychology classes with Jyotika Varmani now!

Whatsapp – +919892507784

E-mail – jyotika@excellingpsychology.com

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A2 - Consumer Psychology

Design a Study Model Answer for Consumer Psychology – October / November 2024

Highly requested lesson by students – Designing a Study for for A level Consumer Psychology – is out now!!

Watch it below and download the answers in the PDF file that follows-

October_November 2024 Paper 41,43 – Consumer Psychology Design a Study Model
Consumer Psychology Design a Study – October_November 2024, 41 – by Jyotika VarmaniDownload

There’s no time to waste with February/March exams round the corner. Book your psychology classes with Jyotika Varmani now!

Whatsapp – +919892507784

E-mail – jyotika@excellingpsychology.com

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A2 - Consumer Psychology

October_November 2024 Paper 32 – Health Psychology Model Answers

Highly requested lesson by students – Writing Paper 3 Answers for A level Health Psychology – is out now!!

Watch it below and download the answers in the PDF file that follows-

October_November 2024 Paper 32 – Health Psychology Model Answers
October_November-2024-Paper-32-Health-Psychology-Model-Answers-by-Jyotika-VarmaniDownload

There’s no time to waste with February/March exams round the corner. Book your psychology classes with Jyotika Varmani now!

Whatsapp – +919892507784

E-mail – jyotika@excellingpsychology.com

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A2 - Organisational Psychology

Paper 3 10-marker Model Answer for Organisational Psychology

In this lesson, I present you with a 10-marker answer from Paper 3 – organisation option – on need theories for motivation at work. This question was asked on the May/June 2024 Paper 3.

The question that has been answered is, “Evaluate what psychologists studying motivation to work have discovered about:  

  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and  
  • McClelland’s theory of achievement motivation, including a discussion about determinism versus freewill.

Evaluation in your answer can include strengths, weaknesses and a discussion of issues and debates.” [10] (May/June 2024)

You can download the model answer from below. Happy learning!

Sample 10-Marker for Organisational Psychology – Need Theories of Motivation – by Jyotika VarmaniDownload

Do you need to learn how to write the answer as well? Learn from the video lesson below-

Writing 10-markers for Paper 3 – Organisational Psychology

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A2 - Consumer Psychology

Solving Paper 3 for Consumer Psychology Option – Specimen 2024 – Video Lesson

Highly requested lesson by students – Writing Paper 3 Answers for A level Consumer Psychology – is out now!!

Watch it below-

There’s no time to waste with October/November exams round the corner. Book your psychology classes with Jyotika Varmani now!

Whatsapp – +919892507784

E-mail – jyotika@excellingpsychology.com

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A2 - Health Psychology

Solving Paper 3 for Health Psychology Option – May/June 2024 – Video Lesson

The most requested lesson students – Writing Paper 3 Answers for A level Health Psychology – is out now!!

Watch it below-

There’s no time to waste with October/November exams round the corner. Book your psychology classes with Jyotika Varmani now!

Whatsapp – +919892507784

E-mail – jyotika@excellingpsychology.com

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A2 - Health Psychology

Paper 3 10-marker Model Answer for Health Psychology

Learning from the mistakes of others can be a good way to avoid those mistakes yourself. In this lesson, I present you with a 10-marker answer from Paper 3 – health option – on making and presenting a diagnosis that I have corrected.

The question that has been answered is, “Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about making and presenting a diagnosis, including a discussion of validity. [10]“

My comments should give you insights on common errors made in answering this type of question and how you can avoid making these errors yourself.

You can download the corrected answer and the following model answer from below. Happy learning!

Corrected-10-Marker-and-Model-Answer-for-Health-Psychology-Paper-3-by-Jyotika-VarmaniDownload

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A2 - Clinical Psychology

6- and 10-marker Model Answers for Explanations of OCD

6- and 10-marker questions in the specimen paper for the 2024-26 syllabus were asked from the explanations of OCD. Learn from model answers below to understand how you should be answering these questions.

And if you haven’t already, watch my video on how to answer such questions which is linked after the download below. Happy learning!

6-and-12-marker-Model-Answers-of-Specimen-Paper-3-2024-Clinical-PsychologyDownload

Watch the video on how to answer the 6- and 10-markers on paper 3 below-

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