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AO1 (Description)
Achievement (nAch)
Description: The drive to succeed, excel, and achieve goals in relation to a set of standards. Example: Seeking out projects with challenging but attainable goals and receiving clear performance feedback.
Achievement Profile
High nAch: Prefer personal responsibility, challenging tasks, and concrete feedback. Low nAch: Prefer routine tasks, avoid risk and personal responsibility, and are less driven by goals.
Affiliation (nAff)
Description: The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships and social acceptance. Example: Actively participating in team-building activities and prioritising harmonious working relationships.
Affiliation Profile
High nAff: Conform to group norms, seek approval, are cooperative, and fear rejection. Low nAff: Are more task-focused, comfortable working alone, and less concerned with social approval.
Power (nPow)
Description: The need to make an impact, influence others, and be in control of one’s environment. Example: Seeking leadership roles, mentoring junior staff, or leading a major project or presentation.
Power Profile
High nPow: Are assertive, persuasive, and enjoy competition and status. They can be inspirational (socialised) or domineering (personal). Low nPow: Are comfortable being led, dislike conflict or influencing others, and prefer to be a team member.
AO1 (Description) – for Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
TAT Test
Description: The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test.
Individuals are shown ambiguous pictures and are asked to create a story about what is happening, what led up to it, and what the outcome will be.
Assessing Needs
Description: Psychologists analyse the themes, thoughts, and actions of the characters in the participant’s stories.
Recurring themes of success and goals indicate nAch, themes of friendships and relationships indicate nAff, and themes of influence and control indicate nPow.
Projective Advantage
Description: As a projective test, it aims to access unconscious motives that the individual may not be aware of or may hide on a direct questionnaire.
This provides an advantage over self-reports, which can be influenced by social desirability bias (giving socially acceptable answers).
AO3 (Evaluation)
Application to Everyday Life
Point: Strength is high real-world application. Evidence: Used to tailor rewards like challenges for nAch employees. Explanation: This provides a practical way to improve workplace motivation. Link: This gives the theory high application value. Counterpoint: However, it is reductionist by oversimplifying human motivation to only three needs.
Individual and Situational Explanations
Point: Weakness is its focus on individual explanations. Evidence: Attributes motivation to internal motives, not the situation. Explanation: Ignores how a poor work environment can demotivate anyone. Link: This lowers the validity of its explanations. Counterpoint: However, it shows how personality traits can be consistent.
Cultural Differences
Point: Weakness is potential cultural bias. Evidence: nAch is valued in individualistic cultures but less so in collectivist ones. Explanation: The theory’s idea of an ‘ideal’ worker (one who is high on nAch) is not universal. Link: This reduces the generalisability of the theory. Counterpoint: However, the three needs are likely universal human drives.
Determinism vs. Free Will
Point: Strength is it supports soft determinism. Evidence: Suggests unconscious motives, measured by the TAT, direct us. Explanation: Implies we have limited free will over our core drives. Link: This helps explain behaviour but challenges free will. Counterpoint: However, employees can choose environments that fit our needs.
Validity
Point: Weakness is questions over its validity. Evidence: Relies on the TAT, which is subjective and unreliable. Explanation: If the measuring tool is flawed, the theory’s evidence is weak. Link: This challenges the validity of the theory’s claims. Counterpoint: However, the TAT may access unconscious needs that questionnaires miss.
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AO1 (Description)
Physiological Needs
Basic biological needs. Example: A salary that allows you to afford food and rest breaks.
Safety Needs
Need for security and stability. Example: A safe work environment and a secure job contract.
Belongingness Needs
Need for social relationships and belonging. Example: Good relationships with your team and collaborative projects.
Esteem Needs
Need for recognition and respect. Example: Receiving praise for good work or a promotion.
Self-Actualisation Need
Need to achieve your full potential. Example: Being given challenging, creative tasks that use your unique skills.
Deficiency vs. Growth Need
Deficiency Needs: The first four levels, driven by a lack. Growth Needs: The highest level, driven by a desire to grow. Example: A company must meet basic deficiency needs (e.g., job security) before employees are motivated by growth (e.g., training).
AO1 (Description) – for Saaednia (2011)
Aim
To develop a new scale (BNSS – Basic Needs Satisfaction Scale) that measures a child’s satisfaction across all five of Maslow’s needs, which existing scales failed to do.
Procedure
1. Qualitative: Interviews with 13 children, their parents, and teachers. 2. Used interview answers to write the questionnaire items. 3. Quantitative: Tested the 68-item BNSS on 300 children aged 9-11.
Results
– BNSS was overall reliable (α=.84). Esteem needs were most linked to life satisfaction. – Some subscales (Love, Physiological) had low reliability.
Conclusion
– BNSS is a valid first attempt but needs refinement. Qualitative methods are better for this research. – Findings only apply to wealthy urban children.
AO3 (Evaluation)
Application to Everyday Life
Point: A strength is high practical application. Evidence: Used by managers to motivate staff – e.g., ensuring good pay before teamwork. Explanation: This makes it a useful, real-world tool for improving motivation. Link: This strengthens its application to everyday life. Counterpoint: It can be rigid, ignoring individual differences in motivation.
Individual and Situational Explanations
Point: A weakness is its individualistic focus. Evidence: It blames a person’s lack of motivation on their own unmet needs, ignoring situational barriers like poverty. Explanation: This overlooks powerful situational factors that limit a person’s potential. Link: This reduces its validity for people in restrictive situations. Counterpoint: The safety need does acknowledge the importance of a secure environment.
Cultural Differences
Point: A weakness is cultural bias. Evidence: Collectivist cultures may prioritise group belongingness over individual self-actualisation. Explanation: The Western-centric hierarchy is not a universal model of motivation. Link: This challenges its generalisability across cultures. Counterpoint: The basic physiological needs are likely universal.
Determinism vs. Free Will
Point: A weakness is its deterministic nature. Evidence: It assumes that one cannot achieve higher needs until lower ones are satisfied. Explanation: This leaves little room for free will, where someone might pursue creativity despite poverty. Link: This determinism reduces validity for exceptional cases. Counterpoint: Maslow did acknowledge some exceptions like social activists.
Validity
Point: A weakness is low scientific validity. Evidence: Based on biased case studies (e.g., Einstein) rather than empirical testing. Explanation: Concepts like self-actualisation are vague and difficult to test empirically. Link: This means it has low reliability. Counterpoint: It has high face validity as it intuitively makes sense.
AO3 (Evaluation) – for Saaednia (2011)
Application to Everyday Life
Point: A strength is practical use in schools. Evidence: BNSS identifies children with unmet love/esteem needs. Explanation: Allows targeted support like counselling. Link: Increases application to everyday life. Counterpoint: However, its limited measurement of physiological needs limits this.
Individual and Situational Explanations
Point: A weakness is focus on individual over situation. Evidence: Measures feelings (“I am important”), not context like poverty. Explanation: Same score can have different causes, needing different solutions. Link: Reduces validity of results. Counterpoint: However, interviews with parents/teachers provided some context.
Cultural Differences
Point: A weakness is limited generalisability. Evidence: Study only on wealthy children in Tehran. Explanation: Findings, with esteem most important, may not apply to poorer cultures where safety is key. Link: Reduces generalisability. Counterpoint: However, the researchers acknowledge this limitation.
Determinism vs. Free Will
Point: A strength is it supports a mix of determinism and free-will. Evidence: Behaviour is driven by unmet needs, but we choose how to satisfy them. Explanation: A child can choose sports or academics to meet esteem needs. Link: Provides a valid explanation. Counterpoint: However, the fixed hierarchy is deterministic, limiting progress.
Validity
Point: A strength is good internal validity from triangulation. Evidence: Items on the BNSS came from child/parent/teacher interviews. Explanation: This ensured the scale measured real needs for that group. Link: Increases validity of findings. Counterpoint: However, low reliability of some sub-scales weakens overall validity.
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Following is a level-3 answer for the question,
“Describe what psychologists have discovered about:
diagnostic criteria (ICD-11) of schizophrenia and
a case study of schizophrenia [6]”
Lets-
review it first;
then review markscheme requirements;
then review part-by-part why the answer scores only 3 out of 6; and how it can be improved to achieve a full 6 out of 6
then see a model answer that would score full 6 marks
The Level-3 Answer
Schizophrenia is a mental health problem where people lose touch with reality. They might have positive symptoms like hallucinations, which are hearing voices that aren’t there. They can also have delusions, which are strange beliefs that aren’t true. Negative symptoms are when people lack normal behaviours, like not talking much or not feeling emotions. The ICD-11 is used to diagnose it and looks at different symptoms.
A case study I remember is about a boy. He had a difficult home life and his parents divorced. He started hearing voices that teased him. He was suspicious of his mother and didn’t speak much. He didn’t sleep well and didn’t look after himself. He was alone a lot and didn’t understand he was ill. He was given medication but it didn’t work for long. He was diagnosed with very-early-onset schizophrenia.
Markscheme Requirements
Level 3 (3-4 marks out of 6)
Partially addresses the requirements of the question. May cover one theory/concept only.
Description is sometimes accurate but lacks detail.
The use of psychological terminology is adequate.
Demonstrates good understanding.
Level 4 (5-6 marks out of 6)
Clearly addresses the requirements of the question.
Description is accurate and detailed.
The use of psychological terminology is accurate and appropriate.
Demonstrates excellent understanding of the material
Review of the Answer
ANSWER
MARKING AS PER MARKSCEHEME CRITERIA (LEVEL 3)
SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENT TO ACHIEVE LEVEL 4
Schizophrenia is a mental health problem where people lose touch with reality. Positive symptoms are extra things added on, like hallucinations, which are hearing voices that aren’t there. They can also have delusions, which are strange beliefs that aren’t true. Negative symptoms are when people lack normal behaviours, like not talking much or not feeling emotions.
Adequate but simplistic. Core terms are used, but definitions lack precision and key details about the ICD-11 are missing.
Use “psychotic disorder.” Define symptoms as “presence of abnormality” (positive) and “absence of normal function” (negative) for accurate terminology. Add specific ICD-11 criteria details, e.g., “symptoms must last one month.”
The ICD-11 is used to diagnose it and looks at different symptoms. A case study I remember is about a boy. He had a difficult home life and his parents divorced. He started hearing voices that teased him. He was suspicious of his mother and didn’t speak much.
Accurate but descriptive. Correctly identifies symptoms from the case but uses everyday language instead of clinical terms.
Use specific terminology: “auditory hallucinations,” “persecutory ideation,” and “alogia”, etc.
He didn’t sleep well and didn’t look after himself. He was alone a lot and didn’t understand he was ill. He was given medication but it didn’t work for long. He was diagnosed with very-early-onset schizophrenia
Good factual recall, weak analysis. Identifies key features but describes them simply, does not show excellent understanding only good understanding.
Use accurate and appropriate terms “poor self-care” and “asociality.” Note that “lack of insight” is a key feature. Briefly explain the medication issue shows “treatment challenges,” to show excellent understanding.
A Level-4 Model Answer
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterised by a loss of contact with reality. According to the ICD-11, diagnosis requires at least one core symptom, such as hallucinations or delusions, to be present for a minimum of one month. Positive symptoms reflect the presence of abnormal experiences, including hallucinations, which are involuntary sensory experiences like hearing voices, and delusions, which are fixed, false beliefs such as persecutory ideation. Negative symptoms involve a reduction of normal functions, exemplified by alogia – poverty of speech; and flat affect – lack of emotional expression.
A relevant case study by Aneja et al. involved a boy with a troubled background. He showed clear positive symptoms, including auditory hallucinations where voices teased him and persecutory ideation towards his mother. He also showed negative symptoms such as alogia and asociality, preferring to be alone. Importantly, he showed a significant lack of insight into his condition. Despite initial treatment, his symptoms persisted, leading to a diagnosis of very-early-onset schizophrenia (VEOS), bringing about the challenges in managing this disorder.
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